Bilateral Graph

http://www.indembassyuae.org/drupal/BilateralRelations

Bilateral graphs are commonly used in economics because of how easy you can compare multiple variables. A bilateral graph shows multiple bar graphs grouped together by a common variable. the One above groups three seperate variables by another variable which is the year. Export, mport, and total Trade are the bilateral bars that are grouped together by year. 

Unstandardized Choropleth Map

http://www.censusscope.org/us/map_common_race.html

Unstandardized Choropleth Maps are used to show a variable across a geographical area. What differs an unstandardized choropleth map from other choropleth map is that it shows the data in a uniform setting, and put to a percent. Not all maps are put to a standard scale, the above unstandardized map is comparing different ethnicities across the US.

DRG

http://infoecho.net/cschin/topo3d/

DRG or Digital Raster Graphic is a topograhpic map that is scanned and used to show features of a map. They are used in mpa making because of how in detail it can show the physical features of an area. The above picture is of Yosemite National Park. Raster Graphics are created by the USGS and are printed with a resolution of 250 dots per inch.

Cartographic Animations

http://geology.com/hurricanes/hurricane-names.shtml

Cartographic Animations are used to show maps as an animation, much like a moving picture in geography. Cartographic Animations are very useful in showing the movement of an object over a landmass, like the above example of a hurricane nearing the United States. Or cartographic animations could be used to show a flood plain, and how it is effected by rising river levels.

Planimetric Map

http://proceedings.esri.com/library/userconf/proc01/professional/papers/pap949/p949.htm

Planimetric maps are maps made primarily of rectangles, they show no elevation like a topographic map. They can also be called "line" maps, because they only show structures as a flat map. Planimetric maps can be very useful in city planning and drawling up counties. The above Planimetric map is of the Gowanus Canal in New York City. Showing roads, commerical, and industrial episodes with not further features of the land.

Continuously Variable Proportional Circle Map

http://www.esds.ac.uk/international/support/user_guides/gisoverview.asp

Continuously variable proportional circle map, is much like a proportional circle map but instead of the size of the circle representing a number, the circles are spread across a geographical area. Representing variables in "pies" across the map. These maps are very useful in showing age, or ethnicity across a population, each color on the pie representing the amount of that specific variable.

LIDAR

https://www.ars.usda.gov/is/pr/2010/100609.htm

LIDAR or Light Detection And Ranging, is a remote sensing tool that uses light and lasers to map different geographical areas. Measuring the distance from the laser with light helps them detect the different variables they are trying to find. LIDAR is used all throughout science, in geology, forestry, remote sensing and geomatics. The above LIDAR map is of the agricultural yeild possibilities of a piece of land.

DOQQ

http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/gis/doqq.html#bw

Digital Orthophoto Quarter Quads, or DOQQs are simply aerial photographs that are taken by the USGS. These are large scale photos that have a resolution of 1 meter. This particular DOQQ is an infrared photograph, they are taken in either infrared or black and white. This is an infrared DOQQ of Johnston County, Nebraska.

DEM

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_elevation_model

Digital elevation model is a high-tech way of showing elevated or three dimensional maps. DEM maps can show you the physical features of an area without being there, showing depressions in the land, or rises of mountains. The picture above is of the Tithonium Chasma on Mars, as you can see the different depressions and rises in the land of a place far away.

Index Value Plot

http://waterwatch.usgs.gov/?m=real&r=nc&w=real%2Cplot

Index Value plots are used to statisically and graphically compare a variable. As you can see above the index value plot is showing  the average stream flow of North Carolina. Index value plots are great for showing data across a longer time frame, like above it is showing the data from 10 years. 

Classed Choropleth Map

http://go.owu.edu/~jbkrygie/krygier_html/geog_353/geog_353_lo/geog_353_lo07.html

Classed choropleth maps have all the characteristics of a choropleth map, and are considered "classed" because they have a key that tells you what the variable being shown is. Most choropleth maps are classed  because of how difficult it would be to notice what an unclassed map is showing you. Both maps above are examples of classed maps because of how they show what the variable is by the key.

Unclassed Choropleth Map

http://vis4.net/blog/posts/choropleth-maps/

Unclassed choropleth maps are simply a choropleth map that has no key which tells you what the different shades or coloring means. Choropleth maps are used to show many different types of data, because of how useful they can depict differences in data. So the map above can show you differences in states, but not what the variable is.  

Bivaraite Choropleth map

http://proceedings.esri.com/library/userconf/proc99/proceed/papers/pap171/p171.htm

Bivarate choropleth maps are very complex graphing method of comparing two variables of a geographical relationship. Bivarate maps are commonly used in government statistical maps, and like other choropleth maps are very easy to interpret, but the process to create these maps are very complex. The map above is just showing the population densities of Ohio.

Standardized Choropleth map

http://www.cdc.gov/pcd/issues/2007/oct/07_0091.htm

Standardized choropleth maps are used to show differences in variables, what makes them different is they keep the variable standard. This is a standardized choropleth map of poverty levels in the United States. Standardized choropleth maps are used to compare data, as you can see areas with high poverty are red, and dark red, while blue is low poverty.

Nominal Choropleth

http://my.ilstu.edu/~jrcarter/Geo204/Choro/

Choropleth maps are some of the most widely used and easiest maps for people to understand. Choropleth maps simply distinguish between places by different colors. To show the amount of male per 100 females in the 2000 US Census. Choropleth maps have different characteristcs from all maps and it is great for showing people differences in data.

Lorenz Curve

http://www.udel.edu/johnmack/frec834/development.html

A Lorenz Curve is a graphical representation of population wealth over percentage of population. Lorenz curves are primarily used in economics, and government. They are not limited to showing wealth vs. population it's what makes it easier to use. The Lorenz Curve above is a standard representation of what it should look like, with the 45 degree line being equality, and the curve being the actual data. 

Population Profile

http://www.ifad.org/operations/regional/pf/aids_1.htm

Population profiles, or also known as population pyramids are very useful our ability today to compare population size and age. It stacks the data much like a stem and leaf plot, but on both sides so you can see male and female statistics. Most population pyramids don't have a second variable included like the one above. But in the one above it is a population pyramid of Botswana, and also compares the amount of population that has AIDS.

Climograph

http://met101.org/wiki/Climograph

Climographs are graphs used to show climate patterns, which shows the monthly averages of precipitation and temperature. It can give people an idea of a quick view of a climate of a specific place. Climographs are very useful because of how they show you two very important statistics of a certain place. The particular climograph above is comparing showing the temperature and precipitation levels for the Twin Cities.

Windrose

http://www.maine.gov/dep/air/meteorology/Windrosehome.html


Wind rose are graphs developed by meteorologists to display wind speed and direction from a central point. A wind rose got it's name simply from being a graph about wind, and how they distinguish the wind speed by color, making it look like a rose. The wind rose shows the direction that the wind has come from. The above wind rose is from a wind station in Maine.

Triangular Plot

http://www.dplot.com/triangle-plot.htm

A triangle plot, or ternary plot is used to compare three different variables to one constant. If the three variables don't equal the constant then a triangle plot is not possible.  Mostly used in physical chemistry triangle plots are great for comparing the variables of three things, much like the USDA uses it in the above picture to test the three soil types. In the map or graph you can see how the three variables all sum to 100%, which makes it possible. It also simplifies the process of analyzing the data. 

Histogram

http://www.vertex42.com/ExcelArticles/mc/Histogram.html

Histograms are graphical representations of the distribution of data. Histograms are comparable to bar graphs, in the sense that they represent the data in a very easy format for people to read. Histograms are most useful when plotting the density of data, for example the amount of people in the US. Most commonly used by the census. The histogram above is of the "Monte Carlo Simulation Results" which from the website I got it from, was just the example they used to show density distribution.

Box Plot

http://support.sas.com/documentation/cdl/en/statug/63033/HTML/default/viewer.htm#statug_boxplot_sect005.htm

Box plots are used to show the 5 number summary of data on a graph so people can more easily learn multiple things about the data. The bottom line shows the lowest number, the box is where 50% of the data is, top line is the highest number, and the middle line is the average. In a box plot you can learn all 5 of these things with one graph. The above graph shows the monthly power output, it is very useful in the situation of tracking the amount of data.

Stem and Leaf Plot

http://mainland.cctt.org/mathsummer/josephbond/stemandplots/stem-and-leaf_std.htm

Stem and Leaf Plots are a statistical way of organizing data to make it easier to compare. They're constructed by having the first number of the data on the left, "stem" and the seond number to the right, the "leaf." this lines the data so you can see where it is more easily spread. The plot above is showing the infant mortality rates in Western Africa, for example there would be 51, and none in the range of 60-70 because they have no "leaf."

Similarity Matrix

http://tomcat.esat.kuleuven.be/txtgate/tutorial.jsp

Similarity matrices are used to compare two sets of data. They are commonly used in DNA sequencing, helping comparing the different amino acids. Above is an example of a similarity matrix of proteins, as you can see the proteins that are not similar to the rest are slotted near the bottom.

Correlation Matrix

http://www.eigenvector.com/MATLAB/corrmap.html

Correlation Matrices are used to statisticall compare two different variables, much like a scatter plot they test many different data entries at one time. The correlation matrix above shows the standard correlation between two variables. With no data, a common matrix would look something like the one above.

Star Plots

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radar_chart

Star plots are a complex system of mathematical equations used to show how the data measures up to the different ways you want to compare it. Each black line is a different characteristic you're testing for the data which is spread across the points, creating a star like the one above. Star plots are used to show many different variables, used in advanced departments like the one above created by NASA.

DLG

http://www.mapcruzin.com/free-geodata-shapefiles/usgs-geospatial-data-geodata-geographic-download.htm

DLG maps are straight-line or rectangular coordinate system maps that are created by mathematical equations and vectors. DLG maps are created by USGS maps, sold in three separate sizes. DLGs are used primarily in GIS (Geographic Information System.)

Isopleths

http://www.wbdg.org/resources/env_iaq.php


Isopleth maps are a type of contour map, isopleths must be taken over an area, not at a specific point. The above isopleth map shows the germination of mold and it's relation to % humidity and temperature. Isopleth maps can also be compared to choropleth map, because of how they both require a ratio of area and magnitude.

Isopach

http://seeps.geol.ucsb.edu/pages/isopach.html

Isopach maps use the elements of a contour map by using isolines to show variations in the data being shown. But the difference is it uses thickness within a unit, or "stratum." The map above shows the seepage of offshore coal oil.

Isohyets

http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/AK0808/S00090.htm

Isohyets maps are newer maps that use lines to connect places that have similart rainfall patterns. Like isobars the closer they are together the more rainfall in that area. Isohyet maps use the different measurements from recording stations and then connects them to other recording stations by lines to give you a more complete picture of where the most rainfall is happening.

Isotachs

http://www.erh.noaa.gov/btv/events/28Oct2008/ua2.php

Isotach maps are much like a topographic map, isotach maps can show multiple different types of data. Mostly used to display details about wind, each detail in an istoach map shows something about wind. The black lines, (Isobars) show pressure changes, and the other bars show wind speed and direction. Also the color is used to show places that have the same wind speed.

Isobar

http://www.newmediastudio.org/DataDiscovery/Hurr_ED_Center/Hurr_Structure_Energetics/Closed_Isobars/Closed_Isobars.html

Isobars are used to create isoline maps, but are not limited to just being a part of them. They can also create different maps of there own, isboars simply distinguish between the variables being asked. In the map above the Isobar map is showing the pressure changes of North America. the closwer the bars get together the higher the pressure is, and as they become more spread out the pressure lowers. With the result of a low pressure system in the middle.

Doppler Radar

http://cimss.ssec.wisc.edu/oakfield/radar.htm


Doppler Radar is used mostly in weather, because of how easy it can be used to display to the public. It is a very advanced system of mathematical equations that help measure the reflectivity of clouds. The radar above shows a storm advancing into Oakland, Wisconsin. You can see the differences in severity by the color change, red being the worst, and blue being calm.

Infrared Aerial Photo

http://www.krisweb.com/krissheepscot/krisdb/html/krisweb/watershed/urban.htm

Infared photography is very useful in todays modern world, espcially for the use of military needs. It distinguishes between places of high and low heat. Infared in maps can be used to show differences in population, agricultural uses, or to show places that have been highly effected by industrialization. In the above picture it is showing the effects of urbanization on the water flow in the Gulf of Maine. Areas in red are places that were highly effected by urbanization.

Isoline Map

http://lostmanmaps.com/gallery.html

An isoline map is used many different ways, what defines an isoline map is the use of lines to distinguish between the amount of the variable being shown. Isolines are very user friendly and in most cases like the one above they fill the different isolines in with color to make it even easier to interpret. The above map is of the state Washington and the amount of rainfall in 1996. You can see how the lines and colors distinguish between the amount of rainfall.

Proportional Circle Map

http://www.neiu.edu/~nerobert/Cartography.htm


A proportional circle map is used to show different types of data by using a limited number of circles, each circle representting a different amount of the desired data. Proportional circle maps are very benefical in showing things like population, like in the map above taken in 1990 from the US Census they used proportional circle maps to show the amount of Native American Population in each state.

Choropleth map

http://my.ilstu.edu/~jrcarter/Geo204/Choro/Tom/

A choropleth map can be used to show many different types of data, it shows the different types of data by coloring or by pattern. They are widely used because of how user friendly they are, and are simple to read. Most choropleth maps are linked with showing characteristics of populations. This map above is showing the distribution of hispanic population in the counties of Florida.

Dot Distribution map

http://www.birds.cornell.edu/pfw_fr/Members/ParticipantMap00.htm

Dot Distribution maps are used to show a location of a certain data over a geographic area. Dot distribution maps likely are a single dot located on a map that show a specific data point. The map above was used to show where feeder watchers were located across North America. Each dot represents the zip code of someone who signed up to participate in the feeder watcher program. So each single dot represents one persons home, but as the dots become more condensed it becomes clumped.

Propaganda map

http://www.fanpop.com/spots/texas/images/21993842/title/texans-map-united-states-fanart

A propaganda map has a very broad definition and is used to influence people a certain way. More or likely they give false information and to someone who doesn't know the facts will be mislead. Like if you were to show this map to someone who isn't a resident of the United States would believe that this is the actual size of Texas. Propaganda maps are very common in times of war and election periods. 

PLSS map

http://nationalatlas.gov/articles/boundaries/a_plss.html


PLSS or Public Land Survey System is used across the United States for the purpose of subdividing land. Used by the Federal government to divide up public lands by a rectangular system. By townships they are subdivided mostly by 6 mile sections. Now most of the PLSS is privated owned land because of the selling of land by the Federal government many years ago. 

Hypsometric map

http://www.reliefshading.com/colors/hypsometric.html

A hysometric map uses different colors, or shading to show change in elevation. Each different contour line is filled with a color and thats how hysometric maps are created. This is a hysometric map of the country France, you can see the border of Spain below, and the changing of color from the coast inland to the Alps. Much like a contour map but uses color so it can be more easily understood.

Cadastral map

http://www.jewishgen.org/galicia/CadastralMapProject.html

A Cadastral Map is used to show the boundaries between land, land ownership, and the tenure for that land. They can show the individual value of the land, used mostly in rural communites. It is very useful still to this day and used in business, while correlating with records and registration.

Thematic map

http://soils.usda.gov/use/thematic/moist_regimes.html

A thematic map is used to show the different types of soil mositure across the United States. Thematic maps are used to show different data across a geographical area, large or small. Thematic maps differ from other maps because they only take into account basic data, like coastlines, boundaries and places. They stay detailed in the data that is presented but are not focused on other outlying data like landforms, and transportation.

Statistical map

http://seattlebubble.com/blog/2006/09/11/mapping-housing-market-health/


This is a statistical map, a statistical map is categorised as a map that displays statistics on top of land or over a land area. To compare places and the statistic to each other. In this map is it useful to show the difference in the income of the average gain/decline in income, compared state-by-state. Stats maps are very useful and can be used in a variety of ways to compare large or small statistics over large or small areas. 

Flow map

http://mundi.net/maps/maps_014/

This is a flow map because it maps the travel or "flow" of something across the globe. Flow maps are very useful in all aspects of todays modern world, because of the ability to track so many different variables that travel across countries borders. This specific flow map is showing telephone traffic in Europe. As you can see countries that talk on the phone more have thicker, bolder lines traveling between one another, while less telephone traffic has thinner, skinny lines between them.

Topographic map

http://geology.com/state-map/new-hampshire.shtml

This is a topographic map because it uses contour lines to show rise and fall in elevation. Contour lines can be used in a variety of ways, but mostly are seen in showing elevation differences. This is the state of New Hampshire, which as you can see in the northern middle part of the state there is the rise in elevation which is the White Mountain Range.

Black & White Aerial Photo

http://www.jaha.org/edu/flood/rebuild/img/panoramas/index.html

This is an example of a Black & White Aerial Photo graph of the city Johnstown. A black and white aerial photograph gives people the chance to look at something with there eyes as if they were looking at it from above. The photo being black and white may help them tell the difference between buildings and nature.

Cartogram

http://www-personal.umich.edu/~mejn/cartograms/


This is an example of a cartogram, a cartogram map is used to show people different types of data they may be interested in. Cartograms show people the data of interest by enlarging or shrinking the country, depending on the correlation to the data of interest. This cartogram shows population distribution, as you can see the countries are distorted in size to show the relationship with how much of the worlds population they hold. 

Scatterplot

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scatter_plot

This is an example of a scatterplot, this scatter plot was created to show the eruptions of the Old Faithful geyser. Scatter plots must show the relationship between two different types of data, the y-axis is the time between eruptions and the x-axis is the duration of the eruptions.

Mental Map

http://www.geog.ucsb.edu/mapsandsociety/slides/thematic/cartoons/index.html

This is the mental map drawn by a person which is there depiction of the world. This mental map satisfies many qualities needed to be called a mental map. To be a mental map it is generally remembered and created in the eye of the beholder, of creator of the mental map. It is accepted that no map is perfect, so mental maps cannot be perfect.